word rank | frequency | n-gram |
---|---|---|
1 | 526 | p- |
2 | 321 | s- |
3 | 308 | k- |
4 | 267 | m- |
5 | 228 | d- |
word rank | frequency | n-gram |
---|---|---|
1 | 171 | sh- |
2 | 141 | pa- |
3 | 133 | pë- |
4 | 125 | pr- |
5 | 93 | ko- |
word rank | frequency | n-gram |
---|---|---|
1 | 129 | për- |
2 | 60 | par- |
3 | 54 | pro- |
4 | 39 | shp- |
5 | 39 | kon- |
word rank | frequency | n-gram |
---|---|---|
1 | 31 | para- |
2 | 25 | vend- |
3 | 21 | krye- |
4 | 21 | përf- |
5 | 21 | përs- |
word rank | frequency | n-gram |
---|---|---|
1 | 15 | drejt- |
2 | 15 | përgj- |
3 | 14 | presi- |
4 | 13 | vizit- |
5 | 12 | bashk- |
The tables show the most frequent letter-N-grams at the beginning of words for N=1…5. Their frequency is count without multiplicity, otherwise the stopwords would dominate the tables.
As shown in the above example (German), word prefixes are clearly visible. In the above example, ver- and ein- are prefixes, and Sch- is not. At the end of a prefix we typically have a wide variety of possible continuations. Hence a prefix of length k will be prominent in the table for N=k, but typically not in the table for N=k+1. The prominent entries Schw- and Schl- for N=4 tell us that Sch- is no prefix.
Zipf’s diagram is plotted with both axis in logarithmic scale, hence we expect nearly straight lines. The graphs look more typical for larger N. Especially for N=3 we find only a small number of trigrams resulting in a sharp decay.
For a language unknown to the reader, the data can easily be used to see whether prefixes do exist and to find the most prominent examples.
For counting, only words with a minimum character length of 10 were considered.
Because only a word list is needed, the tables above can be generated from a relatively small corpus.
For N=3:
SELECT @pos:=(@pos+1), xx.* from (SELECT @pos:=0) r, (select count(*) as cnt, concat(left(word,3),"-") FROM words WHERE w_id>100 group by left(word,3) order by cnt desc) xx limit 5;
For more insight in a language, longer lists might be useful.
Is there a need for larger N
Most frequent word endings
Most frequent letter-N-grams
Number of letter-N-Grams at word beginnings
Number of letter-N-Grams at word endings